La Cesena belongs to the order Passeriformes, family Turdidae. Slightly smaller than the Tordela and much larger than the Song Thrush and the Tredwing, the Cesena has a body size of 22-27 cm. Like many others in the family, it has a brown back, a light gray head and back and a speckled chest, but can be easily distinguished thanks to the design of the upper parts and the eye-catching colors. The yellow beak, the rather long black tail and the upper part of the yellow-ocher chest stained with black are also valuable elements for identification purposes. In flight, less undulating than that of the Tordela, the Cesena the gray rump is particularly evident, as is the silvery underwing. On the ground, however, he has an upright posture and an attitude of constant alertness. Gregarious species, especially during the winter season; in this period the Cesena in fact, it acquires a “nomadic” behavior, frequently moving in large flocks depending on the availability of food, often with commuting movements between wooded resting areas and agricultural feeding areas. The song of the Cesena it is a set of rapid and high notes, which are emitted frequently during the flight.
CESENA: Habitat and distribution range
In our latitudes the Cesena it nests in colonies in the mountains, on the edges of spruce and larch woods or near clearings, also adapting to orchards and broad-leaved woods at lower altitudes. There Cesena occasionally it also exploits buildings or sheaves. During the cold season it forms mixed groups with other species of thrushes and is encountered in open fields, along hedges and in flooded plains meadows, often also in hilly scrublands up to 500 m. There Cesena it eats seeds and fruits, in particular rowan berries, of which it is very greedy; in winter, if the snow lasts for a long time, it feeds on fruit residues that remain on the trees of orchards, vineyards and gardens. There Cesena it reproduces mainly in the forests of central-northern Europe, in the medium-high latitudes, and in the states of the former Soviet Union; in the southern and western parts of the reproductive area the presence is more scarce and fragmented, with expansion phenomena in recent times. In winter the Cesena it moves further south, overwintering in western, central and southern Europe, as far as Turkey and Iran. In Italy, few pairs nest, located in the Alps, in particular Val d'Aosta, Lombardy, Alto Adige, the first areas colonized starting from the 60s. There are two distinct populations, a “mountain”, which has expanded irregularly, and a “lowland”, which has linearly followed the natural paths of the valley floor (Meschini & Frugis, 1993). The wintering contingents in Italy are of Russian and Scandinavian origin and, secondarily, from north-western and eastern Europe. During the migration the Cesena has strong invasive tendencies, concentrating in trophic favored areas. When the resources become more and more scarce with the advance of the season, it forms more and more numerous and mobile flocks; during some mild winters, however, the abundance of food can make populations resident or locally erratic. The largest migratory flow of Fieldfare it is late autumn (November-December) and the catches are concentrated in the northern regions and, to a lesser extent, in the center; intense return movements are already recorded in January (Macchio et al., 1999).
CESENA: Population size and trend
In Europe between 5 and 19 million pairs nest, most of which in Russia (1-10 million) and in the Scandinavian Peninsula states (about 1,5 million); starting from the 1999th century, the species, of Siberian origin, underwent a massive expansion phenomenon that led to the colonization of Western Europe and the Alpine area, including Italy (Bani et al., 1970). Between 1990 and XNUMX the wintering contingents of the Fieldfare they have undergone numerical fluctuations throughout the continental territory such that they cannot allow reliable and precise estimates of their size or trend (Tucker & Heath, 1994); the causes of these fluctuations are to be found in complex and irregular migratory behaviors and in meteorological phenomena (Bani et al., 1999). In Italy only 5-10.000 breeding pairs are estimated; the numbers increase considerably with the arrival of the cold season, when large flocks from the northern regions and eastern countries arrive in our country.
CESENA: Conservation and management
La Cesena it is not threatened or subjected to particular protection restrictions. The species has a favorable conservation status, with a concentrated range in Europe; more than 75% of the world population of Cesena in fact, it winters on the European continent (Tucker & Heath, 1994).
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