Il Boar it belongs to the order Artiodactyla, family Suidae, large mammals of which it represents the only wild species in Europe. The boar it is a rather large mammal, with an overall body length up to 180 cm and shoulder height up to 100 cm; the weight ranges from about 87 kg for females to over 94 kg for males. The boar it is similar to a large pig, the appearance is robust and stocky, with an elongated body and short limbs. The head, with an elongated triangular shape, is very large compared to the body, reaching one third of the total length; in the female, however, the head appears more slender. The boar it has very protruding canines in the shape of fangs, larger in males, and has a snout at the apex of the muzzle, typical of pigs. The tail, held straight, is short and is completed with a tuft of hair. The mantle of the boar it is thick, dark brown in color, with very variable shades; in the young there are typical longitudinal brown and cream streaks, which make them particularly recognizable. In the populations of Boar two types of groupings are distinguished: the more durable family nuclei, made up of one or more adult females and their offspring, and small groups of less stable young males. Within these groups a rather rigid and well-defined hierarchy is established, within which the rank depends on factors such as sex, age, size and aggression.
BOAR: Habitat and distribution range
Il boar it is a very adaptable species, it also occupies very different environments, which vary from highly anthropized areas, to the Mediterranean scrub, to deciduous and coniferous woods, but all however united by the presence of a dense undergrowth and a good availability of water; the Boar it is present from the plain to the sub-mountain and actual mountain environments, limited only by the strong snowfall or the total absence of trees to be used as a refuge (Spagnesi & De Marinis, 2002). Despite the variability of settlement in the territory, it seems that the boar show a precise and differentiated use of the habitat, based on the different activities (feeding, moving, cleaning and resting; Prigioni et al., 2001). The boar shows high mobility (movements recorded up to over 60 km) and high dispersion capacity, characteristics that lead to an occupation of even very large territories. Young people of boar they are born in late spring, up to 10 per birth. The diet is omnivorous, mainly vegetarian and based on acorns, berries and wild fruits of various types; crops are also used as a food source. Depending on the case, the wild boar can also be necrophagous or simply carnivorous, preying on molluscs to small mammals. The wild boar is extremely opportunistic, its diet varies according to the season, but also to the territory.Present in Europe, in North Africa and in part of Asia with a considerable number of subspecies and races, it is widely diffused in the central and central European regions. westerners. In Italy the boar it is present in a discontinuous way throughout the Alps, while more homogeneously in the Apennines and in Sardinia; in Sicily it is extremely localized (Prigioni et al., 2001).
BOAR: Size and trend of populations
The abundance of Boars it is not well quantifiable, linked to continuous introductions by man, to hunting and the control of densities for damages (Prigioni et al., 2001); these factors determine the distribution and density of most populations. The species of the boar however, it appears to increase throughout the range, although some individuals are the result of hybridization with pigs or between different subspecies (Vigorita et al., 2003a). An approximate and approximate national estimate could consist of about 500.000 head, with densities that only rarely exceed 3-5 head / ha (Spagnesi & De Marinis, 2002).
BOAR: Conservation and management
Due to its wide ecological value, the Boar it is capable of living in almost all habitats, adapting nutrition and behavioral patterns according to the available resources. Furthermore, also by virtue of the social structure and the phenomena of density fluctuations to which populations are subject, it is one of the species that causes the greatest damage to agricultural ecosystems. The resources most attacked by the boar they are corn, potatoes, sunflowers, sugar beets, legumes, cereals, meadows, pastures and vineyards. It seems that the extent of the damage is to be related more to the composition of the age classes within the groups, than to the number of total individuals present (Prigioni et al., 2001). Furthermore, it appears that the releases increase the risk of introducing diseases, such as tuberculosis and swine fever, which could spread both in populations of Boar than in those of domestic pig. In nature, it finally appears that the species of boar in areas of high density, it causes a decrease in the populations of black grouse, pheasant and red partridge, by direct predation of the eggs (Spagnesi & De Marinis, 2002). A necessary measure seems to be the adoption of thoughtful and adequate management plans, which also include culling aimed at the eradication of populations in agricultural areas most at risk. In the rest of the territory, however, the withdrawal of boar it should be planned and accompanied by indirect dissuasive techniques (for example, supplementary foraging in the woods or use of electric fences; Vigorita et al., 2003a). Even the hunting techniques are to be carefully examined: it seems that the most used, the collective hunt with the followed dogs, creates a destructuring of populations, with a consequent increase in young people and lower age groups, who are most responsible for damage to crops (Spagnesi & De Marinis, 2002).
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